For example, when two tones of 200 and 240 Hz are presented, the subject perceives a 40 Hz beat. Although two tones are presented, subjects hear them as one tone, at the frequency of the difference between these two inputs. The main forms of ABS are binaural beats (BB) and monaural beats (MB), which are both characterized as two simultaneously presented sine waves with a stable amplitude and slightly different frequencies (Chaieb et al. In addition to the increasingly used method for relaxation of mindfulness meditation, a popular technique to improve mood and cognition is auditory beat stimulation (ABS), which is thought to induce a frequency-following response of brainwaves associated with an improvement of mood and cognition. As a consequence, people are searching for methods to unwind and get relaxed. All day and even night, people are bombarded with so many messages and alerts that focussing becomes increasingly harder and nearly impossible. Nowadays, our competitive society is characterized by a lot stress due to the digital overload of information from desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Future research is recommended to include a larger sample, to use a broader cognitive test battery and to present auditory beats with a longer duration. Overall, the current findings show that listening to 40 Hz BB improves attention but do not show the occurrence of neural entrainment. As there was no association of BB with a consistent increase in absolute 40 or 45 Hz power compared to PN or MB, EEG recordings could not confirm the hypothesized neural entrainment in the brain. With respect to attention, as measured by the Flanker task, the number of false responses in the BB condition was smaller than that in the PN condition while the number of false responses in the MB condition was larger as compared to the PN condition. A total of 25 first-year psychology students (11 males, 14 females) performed a Flanker task while EEG was recorded during the 5 min-presentation of pink noise (PN), MB and BB. The present study examined the effect of 40 Hz binaural beats (BB) and monaural beats (MB) on attention and electroencephalography (EEG). A difference between the frequencies of 40 Hz is assumed to improve cognition. BB involves the presentation of a specific frequency to one ear and another frequency to the other ear which may induce neural entrainment. The main types of ABS are monaural beats (MB) and binaural beats (BB). Nowadays a popular technique to improve mood and cognition is auditory beat stimulation (ABS), which is thought to induce a frequency-following response of brainwaves.
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